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Garrett, these symptoms are quite typical of nitrogen deficiency. Steadily smaller growth along with deteriorating older leaves (which I can't see in the photos you posted above but are probably there further down the stems of stunted plants). The low nitrate readings are also probably indicative of nitrogen deficiency.
Look over Rotala macrandra during a nitrogen deficiency for a comparison:
http://deficiencyfinder.com/?page_id=620
To answer your questions: plants will use Ca and Mg over time, which will decrease the GH. This does not happen very quickly and should not cause a problem if you do water changes. 16 dhk and my KH 6 dhk is not too high for plants if there is roughly equal Ca and Mg or more Ca and Mg, however, it is possible to cause problems if your GH is totally made up of Mg because of your dosing, so just be aware of that.
Look over Rotala macrandra during a nitrogen deficiency for a comparison:
http://deficiencyfinder.com/?page_id=620
- Are any other plants showing these signs?
- Can you take photos of them?
- Are older leaves deteriorating?
To answer your questions: plants will use Ca and Mg over time, which will decrease the GH. This does not happen very quickly and should not cause a problem if you do water changes. 16 dhk and my KH 6 dhk is not too high for plants if there is roughly equal Ca and Mg or more Ca and Mg, however, it is possible to cause problems if your GH is totally made up of Mg because of your dosing, so just be aware of that.